6-month-old dairy calf; sudden death with lungworm and pleural effusion; acute fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia with Histophilus somni and nematodes; lungworms likely compounded bacterial pneumonia

review lungworm control and bacterial pneumonia risk together

autumn-calving dairy herd outbreak; late-term abortions; mixed abortion outbreak with Trueperella pyogenes in one fetus and fungal placentitis in another; more than one agent involved

submit fresh abortion material promptly and review herd biosecurity

several dairy cows with Klebsiella or Serratia mastitis; mastitis cluster; Serratia contamination of teat disinfectant; disinfectant culture implicated as source

replace contaminated teat disinfectant and review dip management

3 recumbent calves in a mob of 140 with others weak and staggering; foul-smelling diarrhoea and renal failure; suspected oak or acorn toxicosis; acute renal tubular necrosis with access to acorns suspected

remove access to acorns and investigate all possible nephrotoxins

single calf; fever and pale mucous membranes with severe anaemia; theileriosis; blood film positive with haematocrit 0.07

treat supportively and investigate tick control gaps

Thoroughbred filly; large rostral mandibular mass after trauma; juvenile ossifying fibroma; mandibular dysplastic lesion likely after trauma history

image the jaw and plan local surgical management if needed

6-week-old foal; four-day diarrhoea history; Salmonella Typhimurium enteric salmonellosis; faecal culture positive

isolate diarrhoeic foals and strengthen stable hygiene and stress reduction

3 calves from a mob of unknown size; poor doing and diarrhoea; zinc toxicosis; prior zinc bolus with high serum zinc

stop excess zinc exposure and reassess mineral supplementation

multiple lamb deaths, flock size not stated; diarrhoea, pneumonia and weight loss; strongylosis with concurrent Nematodirus and coccidiosis; faecal egg counts extremely high

review drench strategy and reduce parasite challenge quickly

4 Friesian-cross heifer calves from a herd of 200 died suddenly; sudden death with bloody intestinal contents; bovine adenovirus infection; characteristic endothelial intranuclear inclusions

isolate affected group and review age-related enteric disease risk

5-month-old calves from a dairy farm; diarrhoea; campylobacteriosis; Campylobacter cultured from 5/7 faecal samples

focus on colostrum, calf hygiene and human hand hygiene

6-month-old water buffalo calf; inappetence, lethargy and mild scours; oak/acorn toxicity; severe azotaemia with access to oak trees

remove buffalo and cattle from acorn exposure immediately

3 cows in a dairy herd of unknown size; purulent vaginitis and poor return-to-heat rates; postpartum metritis with Histophilus somni; reproductive tract infection and infertility risk

review breeding herd hygiene and investigate reproductive stressors

2 rising 1-year-old calves died from a herd of 320 and 2 more were sick; respiratory disease, myocarditis and meningoencephalitis; presumptive Histophilus somni infection; histology typical despite negative culture

reduce stress and crowding and review respiratory disease prevention

7 mixed-age Texel-cross ewes over 10 days; sudden deaths; salmonellosis due to Salmonella Bovismorbificans; Salmonella isolated from all examined sheep

isolate affected ewes and review biosecurity protocols and vaccination

40 lambs from a mob of unknown size; deaths with polyserositis; bacterial polyserositis with Yersinia enterocolitica also isolated; gram-negative bacterial infection likely primary

review lamb hygiene, colostrum and investigate septicaemia source

a few 8- to 9-month-old cattle found dead; sudden deaths with renal injury; suspected nephrotoxin exposure, possibly oak/acorn toxicosis; marked azotaemia with acute tubular necrosis

inspect paddocks for nephrotoxic plants and remove access

2-week-old calves, unknown number, dying within 48 hours; diarrhoea and death; attaching-effacing Escherichia coli enteritis; villous atrophy and adherent coccobacilli on histology

strengthen calving and calf hygiene and isolate affected calves

18-month-old Friesian heifer; widespread scabby skin lesions; concurrent dermatophilosis and dermatophytosis; no mineral deficiency or BVD found

separate affected heifer and improve skin lesion hygiene management

2 cows in a dairy herd; skin lesions and blood in urine; facial eczema; severe GGT elevation with clinical signs

reduce sporidesmin exposure and review FE on-farm management, including zinc prevention programme

calves in a dairy herd of unknown size; poor body condition and diarrhoea; yersiniosis with low-level coccidia and worms; 5/6 faecal samples positive for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

reduce post-weaning stress and keep calf environments dry and clean

about 200 dairy cows with 27 dead in 72 hours and 40 more dead over five days; respiratory distress and deaths; 4-ipomeanol toxicity; mouldy kūmara in feed with diffuse alveolar damage

stop feeding mouldy kūmara and review feed quality

mature dairy cow; recumbency with jaundice and black tarry faeces; copper toxicity; very high serum and liver copper with Heinz bodies

remove copper source and urgently investigate herd copper management

dairy herd with 3 cows dead one month post-calving and 2 sick; hepatobiliary disease / facial eczema pattern; likely sporidesmin toxicosis; very high GGT across herd

check facial eczema risk and manage pasture and spore exposure

several long-lactation cows; diarrhoea, bruxism and low body temperature; salmonellosis due to Salmonella Emek; faecal culture positive in affected herd

isolate scouring cows and review biosecurty protocols and vaccination strategy

several spring-born dairy calves; chronic illthrift and diarrhoea; parasitic gastroenteritis with secondary Yersinia pseudotuberculosis; prepatent larvae causing severe mucosal damage

review drench efficacy and perform larval culture or post-treatment checks

dairy cow, single case; progressive unilateral uveitis with retrobulbar mass; rhabdomyosarcoma; highly anaplastic periocular sarcoma

consider malignancy in progressive unilateral ocular disease

4-year-old male Miniature Horse; one-year mandibular mass; bacterial pseudomycetoma; chronic bacterial granulomatous lesion after local trauma

excise and culture chronic draining or nodular jaw lesions

Merino-cross sheep in multiple age groups, mostly 1-year-old ewes; large ventral neck swellings; iodine deficiency goitre; very low plasma inorganic iodine

start iodine supplementation and review soil/feed mineral supply

dairy cow with mastitis; Mammaliicoccus sciuri mastitis; milk culture positive for an opportunistic mastitis pathogen

review milking hygiene and culture unusual mastitis cases

4-month-old Jersey bull calf; recumbency with progressive neurologic signs; polioencephalomalacia; laminar cortical necrosis consistent with thiamine deficiency
3 beef calves; blindness, ataxia and recumbency; polioencephalomalacia; cortical necrosis on histology

introduce hay during pasture transitions and review sulphur/thiamine risks
stabilise ration changes and manage lush pasture transition carefully

sow litter with 7 dead and 2 weak piglets; stillbirths and weak piglets due to hyperplastic goitre; iodine deficiency in sow gestation diet

review sow iodine nutrition before farrowing

20 recently brought-in mixed-age Friesian-cross cows with 3 deaths and 1 sick cow; jaundice, stillbirths and anaemia; theileriosis; numerous Theileria organisms in severely anaemic cattle

manage tick exposure and monitor introduced cattle closely

6-month-old cattle of unknown group size; severe dehydration and pale yellow mucous membranes; zinc toxicosis; very high serum zinc with Heinz body haemolysis
13 sampled animals from a dairy herd of unknown size; recumbency and lethargy; zinc toxicosis; elevated serum zinc from excessive facial eczema prevention

remove zinc source and review facial eczema prevention dosing
check zinc dosing and avoid excessive soluble zinc use

at least 9 sheep over one week; sudden deaths and PEM; polioencephalomalacia; likely induced thiamine deficiency after pasture change

review diet change, sulphur sources and possible thiaminase plants

5 of 130 mixed-age ewes died overnight; pale diarrhoea and red intestines; salmonellosis due to Salmonella Bovismorbificans; heavy intestinal culture growth

remove likely sources and increase outbreak hygiene measures such as islotion. Consider vaccination strategy.

2 dairy heifers with another prior death; tenesmus and bloody diarrhoea; coccidiosis; extremely high coccidial oocyst count in one heifer

treat and reduce stocking pressure and faecal contamination

3-year-old dairy cow, single case; malodorous bloody diarrhoea; Johne’s disease; positive serology after other infectious tests were negative

review Johne’s control plan and manage contamination risk

3 dry cows in a dairy herd of unspecified size died suddenly; sudden death; nitrate toxicity; nitrate-accumulating weeds in paddock with positive aqueous humour nitrate

remove stock from suspect pasture and control high-nitrate weeds

3- to 4-month-old calves, unknown number; anaemia, fever and dehydration; theileriosis; blood smears positive for Theileria organisms

control ticks and monitor young calves closely during risk periods

140 crossbred calves aged 6–7 months; low growth and mild scours; yersiniosis; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated in 2/10 faecal samples

minimise post-weaning stress and manage zoonotic hygiene carefully

10-year-old mare; hoof abscess; Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis infection; pure heavy growth from abscess culture

drain and treat abscess and monitor for deeper infection

about 30 of 400 eight-month-old lambs with 5 dead; weight loss, diarrhoea and pneumonia; combined nematode parasitism and acute bacterial pneumonia; recent drenching but concurrent lung disease

review drench programme and respond early to respiratory disease

about 300 mixed-age ewes; poor condition, low lambing percentage, coughing and intermittent diarrhoea; multifactorial wasting with chronic pneumonia and endoparasitism; marginal selenium also present

address chronic parasite burden and respiratory disease before mating/lambing

dairy calf; single case; cystic gingival lump separating incisors; Congenital vascular hamartoma; congenital vascular lesion

surgical removal can be effective for local oral hamartomas

5-year-old dairy cow; single case; nasal mucopurulent discharge; milk drop; Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR); bovine herpesvirus-1 confirmed by PCR/serology

manage respiratory biosecurity and expect production loss with IBR

spring-born Friesian-cross dairy calves; 4 calves died; sudden calf deaths; peritonitis; Fibrinosuppurative peritonitis due to Pasteurella multocida; likely stress after yarding/drenching precipitating P. multocida disease

reduce stress events and investigate calf deaths with necropsy and culture

8-year-old female goat; single case; large vulval mass; Leiomyosarcoma of reproductive tract; malignant smooth muscle tumour

biopsy protruding reproductive masses in older goats

adult horse; single case; increased respiratory rate and effort; nasal discharge; cough; Bacterial bronchopneumonia due to Acinetobacter sp.; opportunistic bacterial infection with suppurative airway inflammation

culture airway samples in significant lower respiratory disease

1-month-old colt; single case; thoracic nodules or abscessation; septic arthritis suspicion; Bordetella-associated pneumonia / possible septic arthritis workup; opportunistic airway pathogen

investigate foal respiratory disease and joint disease together

3-month-old foal; single case; sudden death; lung abscessation; Rhodococcus hoagii and Streptococcus zooepidemicus pneumonia; foal bronchopneumonia with mixed bacteria

monitor foals closely for abscessing pneumonia and culture lesions

1-month-old foal; single case; thoracic abscessation on ultrasound; Rhodococcus hoagii bronchopneumonia; Rhodococcus hoagii isolated from tracheal wash

treat foal pneumonia early and use culture where possible

mature dairy cow; single case; multiple alopecic exophytic skin lumps; Cutaneous papillomatosis; presumed bovine papillomavirus

monitor papillomas and biopsy if lesions are unusual or persistent

18-month-old dairy heifer; single case; weight loss; macrocytosis; Hypocobalaminaemia / vitamin B12 deficiency; very low vitamin B12

check B12 status in ill-thrifty young cattle with unexplained macrocytosis

4-month-old calf; single case; clinical signs not provided; high blood lead; Lead toxicity; markedly elevated blood lead concentration

identify and remove lead sources from calf environments immediately

12-year-old mare; single case; weight loss; muscle wasting; Gastric nematodiasis with gastritis; gastric nematodes with chronic inflammation

consider parasite differentiation where horses co-graze with livestock

Charolais calves; 3 of 30 calves affected; hypersalivation; pyrexia; depression; tongue lesions; Calf diphtheria; traumatic oral injury with secondary bacterial infection

check for oral trauma sources such as sticks and treat secondary infection

6-year-old Friesian dairy cow; single case; recumbency; knuckling; cranial nerve deficits; blind eye; Listeriosis with endophthalmitis; likely silage-associated Listeria infection

consider listeriosis in neurologic cattle and review silage quality

rising 2-year-old dairy heifer; single case; multiple ulcerated cutaneous masses; Multicentric cutaneous mast cell tumours; metastatic mast cell tumour disease

biopsy multiple skin masses and assess for spread

goat with muscle-layer mass; single case; non-healing mass; Trueperella pyogenes panniculitis / abscess; opportunistic bacterial infection

culture chronic draining masses and review antimicrobial choice

adult gelding; single case; decreased performance; Wickerhamomyces anomalus in tracheal wash; possible secondary fungal airway involvement with haemorrhage

interpret airway fungi carefully alongside evidence of bleeding or contamination

artificially reared lambs; 15 of 60 lambs affected; bloating; overnight deaths; Abomasal bloat; milk replacer/feeding-management risk with Sarcina overgrowth

review milk mixing, teat hygiene, feed volumes and feeding intervals

5-week-old lambs after tailing; 14 of 1400 died over one week; sudden deaths after tailing; Acute NSAID (pain relief) toxicity; meloxicam-associated renal injury

review dosing, product use and report adverse events

pet lambs less than 1 week old; 16 lambs died overnight; sudden neonatal lamb deaths; Salmonellosis due to Salmonella Saintpaul; Salmonella Saintpaul cultured from abomasal contents

investigate neonatal lamb losses quickly and manage hygiene around pet lambs

2-week-old lamb; single case; hindquarter paralysis; Selenium deficiency; low serum selenium

supplement selenium where deficient and monitor fast-growing lambs

5-year-old Texel ram; single case; two skin masses after shearing; Subcutaneous haemangiomas; benign vascular tumours

submit unusual skin masses for histology to confirm diagnosis

yearling heifer; single case; weight loss; coughing; corneal opacities; Malignant catarrhal fever; close contact risk from sheep and ovine herpesvirus-2

separate susceptible cattle from sheep where possible

pregnant ewes; unknown number of fetal losses; fetal losses after scanning; Toxoplasmosis; high toxoplasma titres in affected ewes

review toxoplasmosis vaccination and barn cats potentially contaminating feed

Angus cows due to calve; several affected in group of 300; 5 died; recumbency; neurological signs; deaths; Hypomagnesaemia; crop feeding pre-calving with low magnesium status

urgent magnesium supplementation and close monitoring around calving

recently calved South Devon cow; single case; ataxia; lateral recumbency; leg paddling; Hypomagnesaemia with mild hypocalcaemia; low magnesium and low calcium

treat promptly and check transition cow mineral balance

5-year-old Friesian cow; single case; discharging abscess at base of ear; Squamous cell carcinoma; metastatic ocular squamous cell carcinoma suspected

investigate chronic masses and consider metastasis from ocular SCC

13-year-old mare; single case; multiple subcutaneous nodules; T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma; cutaneous lymphoma

biopsy multiple nodules and differentiate neoplasia from inflammation

lambs after tail docking; 20 lamb deaths; lamb deaths after docking; Mannheimia haemolytica peritonitis / sepsis; tail docking wounds likely bacterial entry point

tighten tailing hygiene and investigate post-procedure deaths promptly

rising 1-year-old dairy heifers; outbreak in herd of 160; 10 dead before vet arrived; acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea; deaths; Bovine adenovirus infection; bovine adenovirus with characteristic inclusions

isolate sick heifers and investigate acute enteric outbreaks quickly

yearling beef cattle; about half of mob of 50 affected; chronic scours; poor doing; Copper deficiency; low serum copper after winter flooding

test trace elements in poor-doing young stock and supplement where needed

Merino lambs after docking; 90 lambs died; deaths with severe azotaemia; NSAID (pain relief) toxicity; meloxicam-associated renal medullary necrosis

stop suspect product use and report to ACVM adverse events programme

Jersey bull weaners; group of 60; several clinically affected; scouring; recumbency; ataxia; one dead on arrival; Rumenitis with polioencephalomalacia and AEEC enteritis; likely excess digestible carbohydrate before transport causing ruminal acidosis

review pre-transport feeding and manage acidosis risk in weaners

5-week-old dairy replacement calves; several affected and some died; diarrhoea; deaths; Salmonellosis due to Salmonella Give

review calf feeding technique and hygiene to reduce salmonella risk

7-year-old Friesian-cross dairy cow; single case; well-circumscribed skin plaque on udder; Squamous cell carcinoma of udder; malignant epithelial neoplasm

biopsy unusual udder skin lesions early

mature Friesian-cross cows; 2 cows affected; verrucous corneal growths; Corneal squamous cell carcinoma; ocular squamous neoplasia

examine ocular masses early and consider surgical removal before spread

rising 2-year-old beef steers; multiple affected; deaths reported; recumbency; opisthotonos; deaths; Hypomagnesaemia; low serum magnesium on pasture
beef cows; 5 deaths over 2 days; down cows; deaths; Hypomagnesaemia; low serum magnesium in mixed pre- and post-calving cows

supplement magnesium and review spring pasture risk
supplement magnesium and monitor cows during high-risk spring period

2-year-old Jersey bull; single case; weight loss with intestinal disease; Johnes disease / granulomatous enteritis; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis consistent lesions

consider Johnes in chronic wasting cattle and confirm histologically where possible

dairy cows; multiple farms; usually single cows, some clusters; mastitis cases unresponsive to treatment; Nocardial mastitis; environmental Nocardia with hygiene and wet-condition risk

improve milking and treatment hygiene and extend culture incubation when suspected

calving cows; 70 affected in herd; 5 deaths; multiple downer cows around calving; Severe hypomagnesaemia; markedly low serum magnesium

review calving mineral programme urgently

3-year-old Angus cows; small number affected; illthrift; mild anaemia; Taranaki anaemia due to chronic hypomagnesaemia; chronic magnesium deficiency despite incidental Theileria seen

check blood films carefully and confirm magnesium before calling theileriosis

15-year-old mare; single case; weight loss and chronic liver disease; Cholelithiasis with cholangiohepatitis; multiple bile duct stones with mixed enteric bacteria

consider biliary obstruction in chronic cholangiohepatitis cases

2-week-old filly; single case; urinary bladder rupture context; Cystitis due to multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli; ascending or umbilical/urachal infection possible

culture urinary infections and choose antibiotics from susceptibility results

adult mare; single case; reproductive abnormality; Endometritis with Bordetella bronchiseptica; mixed uterine bacterial growth including Bordetella

culture uterine disease and interpret unusual isolates with cytology

multiple horses; 13 cases over Oct-Dec 2025, mostly Waikato; abscessation; nasal discharge; pyrexia; Equine strangles; Streptococcus equi subsp. equi outbreak activity

use strict isolation and outbreak biosecurity for strangles

9-year-old stallion; single case; pyrexia; nasal discharge; dyspnoea; Melioidosis due to Burkholderia pseudomallei; Burkholderia pseudomallei and Klebsiella pneumoniae cultured

treat as major zoonotic risk and manage strict biosecurity

6-week-old piglets; unknown number affected in herd; coughing; deaths; slow growth; Metastrongylus lungworm infection; lungworms with earthworm intermediate host

reduce exposure to contaminated ground and investigate persistent coughs

3-year-old Jersey-cross cow; single case; lethargy; not eating; pallor; severe anaemia; Theileriosis (Theileria orientalis Ikeda); Theileria orientalis Ikeda detected by PCR
6-year-old Hereford breeding bull; single case; lethargy; recumbency; severe anaemia; Theileriosis (Theileria orientalis Ikeda); Theileria orientalis Ikeda detected by PCR

consider theileriosis when severe anaemia occurs even in less typical areas
monitor spread into new areas and investigate tick exposure